Chicken Dissection Analysis

We skinned the chicken and got a good look at all the muscles, first and foremost the pectoralis major and minor. The muscles help the chicken move and hold itself up. The allow for the chicken to walk, hop, stand, and sit. For example, the pectoralis major gives chickens the ability to move its wings ventrally. The pectoralis minor allows the chicken to move its wings dorsally. The bones give the chicken its skeleton and are what allows it to have the anatomy to move. The tendons attach the muscles to the bone so that the muscles can move in different directions, which in turn allow the chicken to perform movements. 

The insertion of the muscle in the wings are quite shiny and white. When they move, the muscle is lengthened or shortened, and they glide against each other - as the chicken would when performing that movement.

Surprisingly, the chicken's muscles were quite similar to those of a human. The chicken has biceps and triceps like humans, obviously on a much smaller scale, but we quickly identified them. The trapezius was on the back, same as in humans, despite the overall difference in anatomy. It was also not hard to identify. The sartorius are on the front of the thigh, and allows for the crossing of the legs. Same on a human, they were also pretty easily spotted. The shape of a chicken is very different from a humans, but the muscles it has are not so different.

Pulls the hand back

Flexion of the leg

Includes sartorius, iliotibialis,
biceps femoris, semimebranosus,
semientendinosus, and quadriceps

Extends foot, flexes
lower leg. Allows us to
stand on our toes

Flexion of the hand

Extends the thigh,
flexes the leg

Flexes the thigh, extends
the lower leg

Deltoid: raise the upper arm/ wing
Biceps: flexion of arm/ wing
Triceps: extension of arm/ wing

                                                                            

Pulls the wing ventrally,
in most birds it allows
for flight

Lifts the wing dorsally, or
in humans in pulls the
shoulder down and forward

Extends the thigh

Pull the shoulder back

Extends the thigh

The white, shiny tendon
in the wing that attaches the
bone to muscle

Flexes the thigh, allows
crossing of legs

Our chicken,
before any cuts were made

What Happens When You Stretch?

1) "Hence when you stretch, the muscle fiber is pulled out to its full length sarcomere by sarcomere, and then the connective tissue takes up the remaining slack."

- This quote explains what happens when stretching -- how the muscle lengthens fully to accommodate what is being asked of the body. There are many sarcomeres, and a full stretch occurs when all of the sarcomeres are fully extended. 

2) "Some sources suggest that with extensive training, the stretch reflex of certain muscles can be controlled so that their is little or no reflex contraction in response to a sudden stretch."

- Some think that if people train enough, they can control which muscles stretch and which ones contract. The less contraction, the more stretch possible. It is not easy to achieve; as the sources say only the top of the top athletes achieve it.   -- but it is very rewarding once achieved.

3) "When stretching, it is easier to stretch a muscle that is relaxed than to stretch a muscle that is contracting. By taking advantage of the situations when reciprocal inhibition does occur, you can get a more effective stretch..."

- To increase the ease of stretching, it is very important to be relaxed , so contracting muscles are not opposing. Contracting certain muscles while trying to stretch others is very contradictory when trying to elongate the muscle. 

Relate & Review

This reading was about what happens when you stretch. It's important to try to control the muscle contraction when trying to stretch =, so the sarcomeres can fully extend and stretch out as much as possible; and also to improve the ease of stretching muscles. Gymnasts and dancers seem to be about to control when the muscle contractions occur, which totally changes the game when the sports are both very focused on extension of limbs. As a former gymnast and dancer, it is easy to recognize how helpful it is the be able to control sudden muscle contractions.

Unit 6 Reflection

This unit was about the skeletal system: the structures of bones, disorders of the skeletal system, bone remodeling, bone fractures and how they are repaired, the bones in the body, and joints. Straight off the bat, it was very interesting to see that bones are composed differently which is why they are separated into types. I also did not know that bones are constantly breaking down (osteoclasts) and reforming (osteoblasts). We learnt how the skeleton is separated up and what the bones do, and how they completely affect our daily lives, from running to even just sitting up right. The disorders of the skeletal system were interesting to learn about - my closest friend has had scoliosis since she was 10 years old, but swimming has helped with it. The video we watched in class about correct posture and how it affects us made me really think about how often I slouch and the weight my neck has to bear from constantly looking down at my phone. Breaking bones is not necessarily common, but a lot of people I know have broken at least one bone in their body. Seeing how the bone will repair itself, and then be as good as new, was fascinating. I never really noticed how important joints are in the body but they have a direct impact on bodily movement, so are very necessary. I would like to learn more about the necessity of joints for bones. The owl pellet lab helped me understand the skeleton a lot better, and how similar an animal skeleton is to a human skeleton. Our owl pellet skeleton was very incomplete, but it goes to show how few bones are necessary to identify what organism it was. I found this unit to be very interesting, I previously knew very little about bones. Now I see an x-ray and am interested in figuring out which bone is which. My New Year's goals are going well, I am constantly growing in class and becoming more comfortable around my classmates. I am getting ahead in my horse riding and am setting up with a horse that will help me accomplish my goals. I have been sleeping quite regular hours, but I could definitely sleep more. I'm also excited to see where my 20 times goes, I really like my topic and I am excited to see where I can take it. 

Owl Pellet Lab

In the owl pellet lab, we were given an owl pellet (indigestible remains owls regurgitate), and broke it apart in an attempt to find out what the owl had eaten. We used forceps and a probe to pull apart the compact mass and found a lot of fur, and a broken up skeleton. We separated the bones into groups based on similarity, and then tried to find out what it was.

Our owl pellet skeleton was quite incomplete, there was no complete skull, which made it difficult to distinguish what it was. However, we decided that the organism was a vole -- based solely on the shape of the scapula, and the radius and ulna. The diagram of the scapula for a vole was the only one that matched up with the physical scapula bone of our organism. The radius and ulna did not match at the ends of the bones for the other small rodents, and the diagram for the radius and ulna matched the organism's bone the most closely. Despite the incomplete skeleton, we strongly concluded that it was a vole.

 The scapula and ulna and radius looked very similar to human bones -- not at all in size, but the shape of them could almost have been the same, just shrunken. In the scapula, there was a center ridge that humans do not have, but it was easy to tell that it was the same bone, just in a vole. The spine was all separated into different sections, but we also distinguished very quickly that it was the spine. It looked just like a human skeleton, of course again on a much smaller scale. A human radius and ulna and a vole radius and ulna look incredibly similar, again just minimized. 

Vole and shrew
leg bone comparison charts

Spine

Close up of scapula compared to diagram

Vole and shrew comparison chart
(skull, scapula, pelvis)

Close up of ulna and radius compared to diagram

Unit 5 Reflection

     This unit was about the digestive system, fuel metabolism, diabetes, obesity, metabolism, the endocrine system and the lymphatic system. For the digestive system, we learnt about the functions and the anatomy. We did the digestive system lab, where we got to see how long our digestive systems really are. It was fascination to see my height in comparison to what was inside me. Fuel metabolism was a bit more confusing for me. The body has different stages to convert food to energy so it can meet its daily needs/ requirements. There are also 3 states after eating: fed state, fasting state, and starvation state. The body uses different types of energy to keep going and ultimately survive when food is not available for a prolonged period of time. Diabetes was quite closely related to fuel metabolism as it is listed as a disruption in fuel metabolism. The body uses insulin to regulate the blood glucose level, and it happens when either the body does not make enough insulin (type 1), or it does not respond to insulin (type 2). Diabetes affects nearly 25 million Americans and staying healthy with diabetes is about correctly managing it. The endocrine system primarily controls the processes involved in movement and physiological equilibrium. There are hormones for nearly every gland and they all have different functions, whether it be growth, or regulating metabolism. Hormones are released to maintain homeostasis in the body. The lymphatic system helps immunity, lipid absorption, and fluid recovery. Lymph is a clear fluid similar to blood. It goes from lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, to lymph nodes. Lymph capillaries are nearly everywhere in the body except for CNS, bone marrow, cornea, and cartilage. Lymphocytes are white blood cells, and include T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. The largest lymphoid organ is the spleen and the surprising thing about it is that people can live without it. A ruptured spleen is a very common abdominal trauma, and the liver and bone marrow will take over functions.

     As I previously said, I found the fuel metabolism section quite confusing but the more I read over it the better I understand it. Also the fact that obesity and diabetes is so prevalent in our society made me all the more interested to learn about it.
     We did a digestive system lab, where we learnt how long the digestive system really is. We read about the role of stress in metabolism, and several other metabolism readings. Seeing how much longer my digestive is than me was cool but also weird to think how it fits inside of me. I remember Mr. Orre saying that if the small intestines were fully unfolded, it would be around the same size of a tennis court, which is insane! The readings were cool to see how stress, our metabolism, and even diabetes and stress eating are all related. 
     I think this unit covered my questions really well -- I'm still interested in further research to do with diabetes but I think what we have learnt in class has motivated me to keep up with it and continue to look into news about it. A lot of the articles we shared in the Canvas discussion were really interesting and it's the kind of topic that I am keen to read and learn more about.

I checked into my New Years Goals and this is what I have so far. I am still struggling to go out of my comfort zone and raise my hand, but when I speak in class it is already feeling more natural, so to me that is a step in the right direction. I am doing much better with sleeping enough and procrastinating less, and the effects feel great. I feel nowhere near as tired as I used to and I feel overall healthier and happier. Show season for horse riding has not yet started, but I am being consistent in my lessons and the jumps are progressively increasing in size, which is another step in the right direction! I am going to try to push myself to participate more actively and just continue to get enough sleep. With riding I just have to stay consistent and on top of my game so my trainer sees my progress and will let me try moving up. So far, my progress is great, but it is nothing compared to where I could be when I really lock down and focus on what I want to improve on. 

The Digestive System Lab

1. In this lab we measured parts of our body, such as the mouth, esophagus, and hand, to find out just how long our digestive system really is. It was really interesting to see how much longer my digestive system is compared to my height.

2. My digestive system is (9.25-1.73) 7.52m longer than me. I think it is able to fit inside my abdomen due to the fact that it is so tightly packed and folded up. The small intestine is very long (mine is 6.9m), and I think that it fits because it is very compressed and packed in. Because there are so many folds, it manages to squash in.

3. I'm guessing it takes around 12-14 hours for food to move through the entire digestive system, especially since the small intestine is so long. I looked it up, and it turns out it takes 24 to 44 hours, depending on the food. I was pretty far off, it's pretty surprising how long food stays in our body. It turns out that most of that time is spent in the large intestine, where nutrients that weren't absorbed during its' time in the small intestine are absorbed, and water is removed.

4. While digestion is the breaking down of the food, which occurs in the mouth, esophasgus, and stomach, absorption is when the nutrients are taken into the blood stream, which happens in the small and large intestines.

5. I'm interested in what foods mean a shorter/ longer time to pass through the digestive system and why. 

New Year's Goals

1. This semester, I will participate more actively in this class by raising my hand more frequently and discussing topics more in depth. I will go out of my comfort zone a bit by initially participating one or two more times than usual and then as I become more comfortable, active participation will become more natural.

2.  I will get more sleep, at least 8 hours a night. My previous health goals included me getting more sleep and relaxing more in order to be less stressed. I will procrastinate less, in order to finish my workload earlier on in the day so I can sleep earlier, and improve my performance at school and overall.

3. By the end of this semester, 5 months from now, I will move up to the Low Junior jumpers. This means that I will have to work hard and regularly place well in competition in order for my trainers to feel comfortable moving me up. Low Junior's is 1.10m to 1.15m, and I am currently at 1.0m to 1.05m, so I feel that this is an attainable goal if I keep working.